Vitamin B-12: Aids as an antioxidant via direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (inflammation), preserving l-glutathione levels (master antioxidant), and reducing oxidative stress (51). May prevent vitamin B-12 deficiency diseases such as anemia, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis (53).
Vitamin B6: Serves as a cofactor in more than 150 enzymatic reactions associated in blood sugar regulation, immunity, cardiovascular function, neuronal health, metabolic, and digestive health (38, 40). Reduces plasma glucose (blood sugar levels) via by inhibiting the activity of small-intestinal α-glucosidases (enzymes associated with glucose metabolism) (39). Functions as an antioxidant by counteracting the formation of reactive oxygen species (inflammatory markers) and advanced glycation end-products (38,40). May support blood sugar regulation in women with gestational diabetes (40). Cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA metabolism (40).
Vitamin B5: Supports energy production, cell growth, cell repair, cognitive function, increased hippocampal volume (memory), and optimized bioenergetics (burning of carbohydrates, fat, and protein) (96).
Vitamin B2: Supports conversion and activation of other B vitamins, red blood cell production and serves as a cofactor for both glucose and fat metabolism (energy production) (92,93).
Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Major B vitamin that supports cardiovascular health by inhibiting hepatic(liver) triglyceride synthesis, reducing very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and increasing HDL plasma concentrations (9). Reduces conversion of VLDL into LDL proteins and serum lipoprotein concentrations in plasma (blood) (9). Vital for regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair, and cell death (9). Supports healthy inflammatory response via antioxidant and anti-apoptotic (prevention of cell death) properties (9). Prevents pathologies(diseases) such as Pellagra and reduces prevalence of nervous anorexia, cancer, and crohn's disease (10, 11). Supports sensitization of tumors to radiation via apoptosis (cell death) cascade of tumor mass and improves oxygen delivery to malignant tissues (cancer cells) (12). Supports cognitive health by reducing age-related decline of NAD+, increasing quinolinic acid and reducing neuroinflammation (9). Increased niacin associated NAD+ levels have been shown to increase neurotransmission, learning and memory (9). Niacin reduces the prevalence of neurodegenerative pathologies by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction (9).
